# Azamat H. Hackimov , 2009. msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: \n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2010-10-21 23:56+0600\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2009-10-18 05:12+0600\n" "Last-Translator: Azamat H. Hackimov \n" "Language-Team: Russian \n" "Language: ru\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n" "%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n" "X-Generator: Lokalize 1.0\n" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(guide:link):6 msgid "/doc/en/devfs-guide.xml" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):7 msgid "Device File System Guide" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(author:title):8 msgid "Author" msgstr "автор" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(mail:link):9 msgid "swift@gentoo.org" msgstr "swift@gentoo.org" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(mail):9 msgid "Sven Vermeulen" msgstr "Sven Vermeulen" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(author:title):11 msgid "Reviewer" msgstr "рецензент" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(mail:link):12 msgid "seemant@gentoo.org" msgstr "seemant@gentoo.org" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(mail):12 msgid "Seemant Kulleen" msgstr "Seemant Kulleen" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(abstract):15 msgid "" "In this document you'll find information on what devfs is really about and " "how to work with it." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(version):24 msgid "0.8" msgstr "0.8" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(date):25 msgid "2007-11-15" msgstr "2007-11-15" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):28 msgid "What is devfs?" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):30 msgid "The (good?) old days" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(warn):33 msgid "" "devfs is obsolete and has been removed from the stable 2.6 tree in " "the 2.6.13 release. Users on 2.6 kernels are hereby advised to switch to " "udev. For further information on udev, please refer to the Gentoo udev Guide." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):40 msgid "" "Traditional Linux implementations provide their users with an abstract " "device path, called /dev. Inside this path the user finds " "device nodes, special files that represent devices inside their " "system. For instance, /dev/hda represents the first IDE device " "in their system. By providing device files to the users, they can create " "programs that interact with hardware as if the hardware was a regular file " "instead of using special APIs." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):50 msgid "" "The device files are split in two groups, called character devices " "and block devices. The first group consists of hardware of which read/" "writes are not buffered. The second group naturally consists of hardware of " "which read/writes are buffered. Both devices can be read one character at a " "time, or in blocks. Therefore, the naming might sound confusing and in fact " "is wrong." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):59 msgid "" "If you take a look at a certain device file, you might find something like " "this:" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):64 msgid "Checking the information of a device file" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):64 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" "# ls -l /dev/hda\n" "brw-rw---- 1 root disk 3, 0 Jul 5 2000 /dev/hda\n" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):69 msgid "" "In the previous example we see that /dev/hda is a block device. " "However, more importantly, it has two special numbers assigned to it: 3, " "0. This pair is called the major-minor pair. It is used by the " "kernel to map a device file to a real device. The major corresponds with a " "certain device, the minor with a subdevice. Seems confusing? It isn't." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):78 msgid "" "Two examples are /dev/hda4 and /dev/tty5. The " "first device file corresponds with the fourth partition on the first IDE " "device. Its major-minor pair is 3, 4. In other words, the minor " "corresponds with the partition where the major corresponds with the device. " "The second example has 4, 5 as major-minor pair. In this case, the " "major corresponds with the terminal driver, while the minor corresponds with " "the terminal number (in this case, the fifth terminal)." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):92 msgid "The problems" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):95 msgid "" "If you do a quick check in such a /dev, you'll find out that " "not only all your devices are listed, but all possible devices that " "you can imagine. In other words, you have device files for devices you don't " "have. Managing such a device group is cumbersome to say the least. Imagine " "having to change the permissions of all device files that have a " "corresponding device in your system, and leaving the rest of the device " "files as they are." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):105 msgid "" "When you add new hardware to your system, and this hardware didn't have a " "device file previously, you would have to create one. Advanced users know " "that this task can be accomplished with ./MAKEDEV inside the /" "dev tree, but do you immediately know what device you have to create?" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):113 msgid "" "When you have programs interacting with hardware using the device files, you " "can't have the root partition mounted read only, while there is no further " "need to have it mounted read-write. And you can't have /dev on " "a seperate partition, since mount needs /dev to mount " "partitions." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):124 msgid "The solutions" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):127 msgid "" "As you can imagine, the kernel hackers have found quite a number of " "solutions to the aforementioned problems. However, many of them had other " "flaws as described in http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/rgooch/linux/docs/" "devfs.html#faq-why. We are not going to talk about these " "implementations, but focus on the one implementation that did make it to the " "official kernel sources: devfs." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):140 msgid "devfs as all-round winner ?" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):143 msgid "" "devfs tackles all listed problems. It only provides the user with existing " "devices, adds new nodes when new devices are found, and makes it possible to " "mount the root filesystem read only. And it tackles more problems we haven't " "discussed previously because they are less interesting for users..." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):151 msgid "" "For instance, with devfs, you don't have to worry about major/minor pairs. " "It is still supported (for backwards compatibility), but isn't needed. This " "makes it possible for Linux to support even more devices, since there are no " "limits anymore (numbers always have boundaries :)" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):158 msgid "" "Yet devfs does come with it's own problems; for the end users these issues " "aren't really visible, but for the kernel maintainers the problems are big " "enough to mark devfs obsolete in favor of udev, which Gentoo supports and uses by default on most " "architectures since the 2005.0 release when using a 2.6 kernel." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):166 msgid "" "For more information as to why devfs is marked obsolete, please read the " "udev FAQ and udev versus devfs document." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):179 msgid "Navigating through the device tree" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):181 msgid "Directories" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):184 msgid "" "One of the first things you might notice is that devfs uses directories to " "group devices together. This improves readability, as now all related " "devices are inside a common directory." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):190 msgid "" "For instance, all IDE-related devices are inside the /dev/ide/ " "device directory, and SCSI-related devices are inside /dev/scsi/. SCSI and IDE disks are seen in the same way, meaning they both have " "the same subdirectory structure." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):197 msgid "" "IDE and SCSI disks are controlled by an adapter (on-board or a seperate " "card), called the host. Every adapter can have several channels. A " "channel is called a bus. On each channel, you can have several IDs. " "Such an ID identifies a disk. This ID is called the target. Some SCSI " "devices can have multiple luns (Logical Unit Numbers), for instance " "devices that handle multiple media simultaneously (hi-end tapedrives). You " "mostly have only a single lun, lun0/." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):207 msgid "" "So, whereas /dev/hda4 was used previously, we now have /" "dev/ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part4. This is far more easy... no, " "don't argue with me... it is easier... ah whatever! :)" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(note):214 msgid "" "You can also use more Unix-like device file naming for hard disks, such as " "c0b0t0u0p2. They can be found in /dev/ide/hd, " "/dev/scsi/hd etc." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):220 msgid "" "To give you an idea on the directories, this is a listing of the directories " "which I have on my laptop:" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):225 msgid "Directories in /dev" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):225 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" "cdroms/ cpu/ discs/ floppy/\n" "ide/ input/ loop/ misc/\n" "netlink/ printers/ pts/ pty/\n" "scsi/ sg/ shm/ sound/\n" "sr/ usb/ vc/ vcc/\n" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):236 msgid "Backwards compatibility using devfsd" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):239 msgid "" "Using this new scheme sounds fun, but several tools and programs make use of " "the previous, old scheme. To make sure no system is broken, devfsd is " "created. This daemon creates symlinks with the old names, pointing to the " "new device files." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):246 msgid "Created symlinks" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):246 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" "$ ls -l /dev/hda4\n" "lr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 33 Aug 25 12:08 /dev/hda4 -> ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part4\n" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):251 msgid "" "With devfsd, you can also set the permissions, create new device " "files, define actions etc. All this is described in the next chapter." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):261 msgid "Administrating the device tree" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):263 msgid "Restarting devfsd" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):266 msgid "" "When you alter the /etc/devfsd.conf file, and you want the " "changes to be forced onto the system, you don't have to reboot. Depending on " "what you want, you can use any of the two following signals:" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):273 msgid "" "SIGHUP will have devfsd reread the configuration file, reload " "the shared objects and generate the REGISTER events for each leaf node in " "the device tree." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):279 msgid "SIGUSR1 will do the same, but won't generate REGISTER events." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):283 msgid "To send a signal, simply use kill or killall:" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):287 msgid "Sending the SIGHUP signal to devfsd" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):287 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" "# kill -s SIGHUP `pidof devfsd`\n" "or\n" "# killall -s SIGHUP devfsd\n" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):296 msgid "Removing compatibility symlinks" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(warn):299 msgid "Currently, Gentoo cannot live without the compatibility symlinks." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):303 msgid "" "If you want the compatibility symlinks that clutter up /dev " "removed from your Gentoo system (Gentoo activates it per default), edit " "/etc/devfsd.conf and remove the following two lines:" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):309 msgid "/etc/devfsd.conf for backwards compatibility" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):309 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" "# Comment the following two lines out to remove the symlinks\n" "REGISTER .* MKOLDCOMPAT\n" "UNREGISTER .* RMOLDCOMPAT\n" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):315 msgid "You need to reboot your system for the changes to take affect." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):322 msgid "Removing autoload functionality" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):325 msgid "" "When you load a module, devfs will automatically create the device files. If " "you don't want this behaviour, remove the following line from /etc/" "devfsd.conf:" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):331 msgid "/etc/devfsd.conf, autoload functionality" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):331 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" "LOOKUP .* MODLOAD\n" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):340 msgid "Permission Related Items" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):342 msgid "Set/change permissions with devfsd" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(impo):345 msgid "" "These instructions are valid as long as pam_console is disabled in /" "etc/pam.d/system-auth. If you enabled pam_console there, then PAM has " "the final word on permissions. You shouldn't be using pam_console anyway, as " "it has been removed from Portage." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):354 msgid "" "If you want to set permissions using /etc/devfsd.conf, then use " "the syntax used in the following example:" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):359 msgid "Permissions in /etc/devfsd.conf" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):359 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" "REGISTER ^cdroms/.* PERMISSIONS root.cdrom 0660\n" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):363 msgid "" "The second field is the device group, starting from /dev. It is " "a regular expression, meaning you can select several device files in one " "rule." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):369 msgid "" "The fourth field is the ownership of the device file, and the fifth field " "contains the permissions of the device file." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):377 msgid "Manually set permissions and have devfsd save it" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):380 msgid "" "This is the default behaviour for Gentoo: if you chown (CHange OWNer) " "and chmod (CHange MODe) some device files, devfsd will save " "the information so that it will persist across reboots. This is because the " "/etc/devfsd.conf file contains the following lines:" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):388 msgid "/etc/devfsd.conf for saving permissions" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):388 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" "REGISTER ^pt[sy]/.* IGNORE\n" "CHANGE ^pt[sy]/.* IGNORE\n" "CREATE ^pt[sy]/.* IGNORE\n" "DELETE ^pt[sy] IGNORE\n" "REGISTER ^log IGNORE\n" "CHANGE ^log IGNORE\n" "CREATE ^log IGNORE\n" "DELETE ^log IGNORE\n" "REGISTER .* COPY /lib/dev-state/$devname $devpath\n" "CHANGE .* COPY $devpath /lib/dev-state/$devname\n" "CREATE .* COPY $devpath /lib/dev-state/$devname\n" "DELETE .* CFUNCTION GLOBAL unlink\n" "/lib/dev-state/$devname\n" "RESTORE /lib/dev-state\n" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):405 msgid "" "In other words, changed device files are copied over to /lib/dev-" "state as soon as the change happens, and are copied over to /" "dev when booting the system." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):411 msgid "" "Another possibility is to mount /lib/dev-state on /dev at boot-time. To do this, you must make sure that devfs is not mounted " "automatically (meaning you'll have to recompile your kernel) and that /" "dev/console exists. Then, somewhere at the beginning of the " "bootscripts of your system, you place:" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):419 msgid "Mounting /lib/dev-state on top of /dev" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):419 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" "mount --bind /dev /lib/dev-state\n" "mount -t devfs none /dev\n" "devfsd /dev\n" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):430 msgid "Resources" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):434 msgid "For more information on devfs, check out the following resources." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):438 msgid "" "The devfsd.conf manpage explains the syntax of the /etc/devfsd.conf file. To view it, type man devfsd.conf." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):444 msgid "" "The devfs FAQ explains everything about devfs. It also contains " "information about the internal devfs structure and how drivers can support " "devfs." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):451 msgid "" "On LinuxJournal there is an " "interesting article on devfs for Management and Administration." msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):458 msgid "" "Daniel Robbins has written a set of articles for IBM's DeveloperWorks about " "Advanced filesystems. Three of them are about devfs:" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(uri:link):465 msgid "http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-fs4/" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(uri):465 msgid "Introduction to devfs" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(uri:link):469 msgid "http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-fs5/" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(uri):469 msgid "Setting up devfs" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(uri:link):473 msgid "http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-fs6/" msgstr "" #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(uri):473 msgid "Implementing devfs" msgstr "" #. Place here names of translator, one per line. Format should be NAME; ROLE; E-MAIL #: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(None):0 msgid "translator-credits" msgstr ""