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msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2010-10-21 23:56+0600\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(guide:link):6
msgid "/doc/en/devfs-guide.xml"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):7
msgid "Device File System Guide"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(author:title):8
msgid "Author"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(mail:link):9
msgid "swift@gentoo.org"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(mail):9
msgid "Sven Vermeulen"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(author:title):11
msgid "Reviewer"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(mail:link):12
msgid "seemant@gentoo.org"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(mail):12
msgid "Seemant Kulleen"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(abstract):15
msgid "In this document you'll find information on what devfs is really about and how to work with it."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(version):24
msgid "0.8"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(date):25
msgid "2007-11-15"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):28
msgid "What is devfs?"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):30
msgid "The (good?) old days"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(warn):33
msgid "devfs is <e>obsolete</e> and has been removed from the stable 2.6 tree in the 2.6.13 release. Users on 2.6 kernels are hereby advised to switch to udev. For further information on udev, please refer to the <uri link=\"/doc/en/udev-guide.xml\">Gentoo udev Guide</uri>."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):40
msgid "Traditional Linux implementations provide their users with an abstract device path, called <path>/dev</path>. Inside this path the user finds <e>device nodes</e>, special files that represent devices inside their system. For instance, <path>/dev/hda</path> represents the first IDE device in their system. By providing device files to the users, they can create programs that interact with hardware as if the hardware was a regular file instead of using special APIs."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):50
msgid "The device files are split in two groups, called <e>character</e> devices and <e>block</e> devices. The first group consists of hardware of which read/writes are not buffered. The second group naturally consists of hardware of which read/writes are buffered. Both devices can be read one character at a time, or in blocks. Therefore, the naming might sound confusing and in fact is wrong."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):59
msgid "If you take a look at a certain device file, you might find something like this:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):64
msgid "Checking the information of a device file"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):64
#, no-wrap
msgid "\n# <i>ls -l /dev/hda</i>\nbrw-rw----    1 root     disk       3,   0 Jul  5  2000 /dev/hda\n"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):69
msgid "In the previous example we see that <path>/dev/hda</path> is a block device. However, more importantly, it has two special numbers assigned to it: <b>3, 0</b>. This pair is called the <e>major-minor</e> pair. It is used by the kernel to map a device file to a real device. The major corresponds with a certain device, the minor with a subdevice. Seems confusing? It isn't."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):78
msgid "Two examples are <path>/dev/hda4</path> and <path>/dev/tty5</path>. The first device file corresponds with the fourth partition on the first IDE device. Its major-minor pair is <b>3, 4</b>. In other words, the minor corresponds with the partition where the major corresponds with the device. The second example has <b>4, 5</b> as major-minor pair. In this case, the major corresponds with the terminal driver, while the minor corresponds with the terminal number (in this case, the fifth terminal)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):92
msgid "The problems"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):95
msgid "If you do a quick check in such a <path>/dev</path>, you'll find out that not only all your devices are listed, but <e>all</e> possible devices that you can imagine. In other words, you have device files for devices you don't have. Managing such a device group is cumbersome to say the least. Imagine having to change the permissions of all device files that have a corresponding device in your system, and leaving the rest of the device files as they are."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):105
msgid "When you add new hardware to your system, and this hardware didn't have a device file previously, you would have to create one. Advanced users know that this task can be accomplished with <c>./MAKEDEV</c> inside the <path>/dev</path> tree, but do you immediately know what device you have to create?"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):113
msgid "When you have programs interacting with hardware using the device files, you can't have the root partition mounted read only, while there is no further need to have it mounted read-write. And you can't have <path>/dev</path> on a seperate partition, since <c>mount</c> needs <path>/dev</path> to mount partitions."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):124
msgid "The solutions"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):127
msgid "As you can imagine, the kernel hackers have found quite a number of solutions to the aforementioned problems. However, many of them had other flaws as described in <uri>http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.html#faq-why</uri>. We are not going to talk about these implementations, but focus on the one implementation that did make it to the official kernel sources: devfs."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):140
msgid "devfs as all-round winner ?"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):143
msgid "devfs tackles all listed problems. It only provides the user with existing devices, adds new nodes when new devices are found, and makes it possible to mount the root filesystem read only. And it tackles more problems we haven't discussed previously because they are less interesting for users..."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):151
msgid "For instance, with devfs, you don't have to worry about major/minor pairs. It is still supported (for backwards compatibility), but isn't needed. This makes it possible for Linux to support even more devices, since there are no limits anymore (numbers always have boundaries :)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):158
msgid "Yet devfs does come with it's own problems; for the end users these issues aren't really visible, but for the kernel maintainers the problems are big enough to mark devfs <e>obsolete</e> in favor of <uri link=\"udev-guide.xml\">udev</uri>, which Gentoo supports and uses by default on most architectures since the 2005.0 release when using a 2.6 kernel."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):166
msgid "For more information as to why devfs is marked obsolete, please read the <uri link=\"http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev-FAQ\">udev FAQ</uri> and <uri link=\"http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev_vs_devfs\">udev versus devfs document</uri>."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):179
msgid "Navigating through the device tree"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):181
msgid "Directories"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):184
msgid "One of the first things you might notice is that devfs uses directories to group devices together. This improves readability, as now all related devices are inside a common directory."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):190
msgid "For instance, all IDE-related devices are inside the <path>/dev/ide/</path> device directory, and SCSI-related devices are inside <path>/dev/scsi/</path>. SCSI and IDE disks are seen in the same way, meaning they both have the same subdirectory structure."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):197
msgid "IDE and SCSI disks are controlled by an adapter (on-board or a seperate card), called the <e>host</e>. Every adapter can have several channels. A channel is called a <e>bus</e>. On each channel, you can have several IDs. Such an ID identifies a disk. This ID is called the <e>target</e>. Some SCSI devices can have multiple luns (<e>Logical Unit Numbers</e>), for instance devices that handle multiple media simultaneously (hi-end tapedrives). You mostly have only a single lun, <path>lun0/</path>."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):207
msgid "So, whereas <path>/dev/hda4</path> was used previously, we now have <path>/dev/ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part4</path>. This is far more easy... no, don't argue with me... it <e>is</e> easier... ah whatever! :)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(note):214
msgid "You can also use more Unix-like device file naming for hard disks, such as <path>c0b0t0u0p2</path>. They can be found in <path>/dev/ide/hd</path>, <path>/dev/scsi/hd</path> etc."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):220
msgid "To give you an idea on the directories, this is a listing of the directories which I have on my laptop:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):225
msgid "Directories in /dev"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):225
#, no-wrap
msgid "\ncdroms/     cpu/        discs/          floppy/\nide/        input/      loop/           misc/\nnetlink/    printers/   pts/            pty/\nscsi/       sg/         shm/            sound/\nsr/         usb/        vc/             vcc/\n"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):236
msgid "Backwards compatibility using devfsd"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):239
msgid "Using this new scheme sounds fun, but several tools and programs make use of the previous, old scheme. To make sure no system is broken, <c>devfsd</c> is created. This daemon creates symlinks with the old names, pointing to the new device files."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):246
msgid "Created symlinks"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):246
#, no-wrap
msgid "\n$ <i>ls -l /dev/hda4</i>\nlr-xr-xr-x    1 root     root           33 Aug 25 12:08 /dev/hda4 -&gt; ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part4\n"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):251
msgid "With <c>devfsd</c>, you can also set the permissions, create new device files, define actions etc. All this is described in the next chapter."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):261
msgid "Administrating the device tree"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):263
msgid "Restarting devfsd"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):266
msgid "When you alter the <path>/etc/devfsd.conf</path> file, and you want the changes to be forced onto the system, you don't have to reboot. Depending on what you want, you can use any of the two following signals:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):273
msgid "<b>SIGHUP</b> will have <c>devfsd</c> reread the configuration file, reload the shared objects and generate the REGISTER events for each leaf node in the device tree."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):279
msgid "<b>SIGUSR1</b> will do the same, but won't generate REGISTER events."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):283
msgid "To send a signal, simply use <c>kill</c> or <c>killall</c>:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):287
msgid "Sending the SIGHUP signal to devfsd"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):287
#, no-wrap
msgid "\n# <i>kill -s SIGHUP `pidof devfsd`</i>\n<comment>or</comment>\n# <i>killall -s SIGHUP devfsd</i>\n"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):296
msgid "Removing compatibility symlinks"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(warn):299
msgid "Currently, Gentoo cannot live without the compatibility symlinks."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):303
msgid "If you want the compatibility symlinks that clutter up <path>/dev</path> removed from your Gentoo system (Gentoo activates it per default), edit <path>/etc/devfsd.conf</path> and remove the following two lines:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):309
msgid "/etc/devfsd.conf for backwards compatibility"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):309
#, no-wrap
msgid "\n<comment># Comment the following two lines out to remove the symlinks</comment>\nREGISTER        .*  MKOLDCOMPAT\nUNREGISTER      .*  RMOLDCOMPAT\n"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):315
msgid "You need to reboot your system for the changes to take affect."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):322
msgid "Removing autoload functionality"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):325
msgid "When you load a module, devfs will automatically create the device files. If you don't want this behaviour, remove the following line from <path>/etc/devfsd.conf</path>:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):331
msgid "/etc/devfsd.conf, autoload functionality"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):331
#, no-wrap
msgid "\nLOOKUP      .*  MODLOAD\n"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):340
msgid "Permission Related Items"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):342
msgid "Set/change permissions with devfsd"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(impo):345
msgid "These instructions are valid as long as pam_console is disabled in <path>/etc/pam.d/system-auth</path>. If you enabled pam_console there, then PAM has the final word on permissions. You shouldn't be using pam_console anyway, as it has been <uri link=\"http://www.gentoo.org/proj/en/base/pam/upgrade-0.99.xml\">removed from Portage</uri>."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):354
msgid "If you want to set permissions using <path>/etc/devfsd.conf</path>, then use the syntax used in the following example:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):359
msgid "Permissions in /etc/devfsd.conf"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):359
#, no-wrap
msgid "\nREGISTER    ^cdroms/.*  PERMISSIONS root.cdrom 0660\n"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):363
msgid "The second field is the device group, starting from <path>/dev</path>. It is a regular expression, meaning you can select several device files in one rule."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):369
msgid "The fourth field is the ownership of the device file, and the fifth field contains the permissions of the device file."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):377
msgid "Manually set permissions and have devfsd save it"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):380
msgid "This is the default behaviour for Gentoo: if you <c>chown</c> (CHange OWNer) and <c>chmod</c> (CHange MODe) some device files, <c>devfsd</c> will save the information so that it will persist across reboots. This is because the <path>/etc/devfsd.conf</path> file contains the following lines:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):388
msgid "/etc/devfsd.conf for saving permissions"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):388
#, no-wrap
msgid "\nREGISTER        ^pt[sy]/.*   IGNORE\nCHANGE          ^pt[sy]/.*   IGNORE\nCREATE          ^pt[sy]/.*   IGNORE\nDELETE          ^pt[sy]      IGNORE\nREGISTER        ^log         IGNORE\nCHANGE          ^log         IGNORE\nCREATE          ^log         IGNORE\nDELETE          ^log         IGNORE\nREGISTER        .*           COPY    /lib/dev-state/$devname $devpath\nCHANGE          .*           COPY    $devpath /lib/dev-state/$devname\nCREATE          .*           COPY    $devpath /lib/dev-state/$devname\nDELETE          .*           CFUNCTION GLOBAL unlink\n/lib/dev-state/$devname\nRESTORE         /lib/dev-state\n"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):405
msgid "In other words, changed device files are copied over to <path>/lib/dev-state</path> as soon as the change happens, and are copied over to <path>/dev</path> when booting the system."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):411
msgid "Another possibility is to mount <path>/lib/dev-state</path> on <path>/dev</path> at boot-time. To do this, you must make sure that devfs is not mounted automatically (meaning you'll have to recompile your kernel) and that <path>/dev/console</path> exists. Then, somewhere at the beginning of the bootscripts of your system, you place:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre:caption):419
msgid "Mounting /lib/dev-state on top of /dev"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(pre):419
#, no-wrap
msgid "\nmount --bind /dev /lib/dev-state\nmount -t devfs none /dev\ndevfsd /dev\n"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(title):430
msgid "Resources"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):434
msgid "For more information on devfs, check out the following resources."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):438
msgid "The devfsd.conf manpage explains the syntax of the <path>/etc/devfsd.conf</path> file. To view it, type <c>man devfsd.conf</c>."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):444
msgid "The <uri link=\"http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.html\">devfs FAQ</uri> explains everything about devfs. It also contains information about the internal devfs structure and how drivers can support devfs."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):451
msgid "On <uri link=\"http://www.linuxjournal.com\">LinuxJournal</uri> there is an interesting article on <uri link=\"http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=6035\">devfs for Management and Administration</uri>."
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(p):458
msgid "Daniel Robbins has written a set of articles for IBM's DeveloperWorks about Advanced filesystems. Three of them are about devfs:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(uri:link):465
msgid "http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-fs4/"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(uri):465
msgid "Introduction to devfs"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(uri:link):469
msgid "http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-fs5/"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(uri):469
msgid "Setting up devfs"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(uri:link):473
msgid "http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-fs6/"
msgstr ""

#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(uri):473
msgid "Implementing devfs"
msgstr ""

#. Place here names of translator, one per line. Format should be NAME; ROLE; E-MAIL
#: ../../gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en//devfs-guide.xml(None):0
msgid "translator-credits"
msgstr ""